Combined Gas Law Definition and Examples

The combined gas law combines the three gas laws: Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Gay-Lussacs Law. It states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume and the absolute temperature of a gas is equal to a constant. When Avogadros law is added to the combined gas law, the ideal gas law results. Unlike the named gas laws, the combined gas law doesnt have an official discoverer. It is simply a combination of the other gas laws that works when everything except temperature, pressure, and volume are held constant. There are a couple of common equations for writing the combined gas law. The classic law relates Boyles law and Charles law to state: PV/T k where P pressure,  V volume,  T absolute temperature (Kelvin), and  k constant. The constant k is a true constant if the number of moles of the gas doesnt change.  Otherwise, it varies. Another common formula for the combined gas law relates before and after conditions of a gas: P1V1 / T1 P2V2 / T2 Example Find the volume of a gas at STP when 2.00 liters is collected at 745.0 mm Hg and 25.0 degrees Celsius. To solve the problem, you first need to identify which formula to use. In this case, the question asks about conditions at STP, so you know youre dealing with a before and after problem. Next, you need to understand  STP. If you havent memorized this already (and you probably should, since it appears a lot), STP refers to standard temperature and pressure, which is 273 Kelvin and 760.0 mm Hg. Because the law works using absolute temperature, you need to convert  25.0  degrees Celsius to the Kelvin scale. This gives you 298 Kelvin. At this point, you can plug the values into the formula and solve for the unknown. A common mistake some people make when theyre new to this kind of problem is confusing which numbers go together. Its good practice to identify the variables. In this problem they are: P1   745.0 mm HgV1   2.00 LT1   298 KP2   760.0 mm HgV2   x (the unknown youre solving for)T2   273 K Next, take the formula and set it up to solve for the unknown  x, which in this problem  is  V2: P1V1  / T1   P2V2  / T2 Cross-multiply to clear the fractions: P1V1T2   P2V2T1 Divide to isolate  V2: V2   (P1V1T2) / (P2T1) Plug in the numbers and solve for V2: V2  Ã‚  (745.0 mm Hg  · 2.00 L  · 273 K) / (760 mm Hg  · 298 K)V2 1.796 L Report the result using the correct number of significant figures: V2   1.80 L Applications The combined gas law has practical applications when dealing with gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures. Like other gas laws based on ideal behavior, it becomes less accurate at high temperatures and pressures. The law is used in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. For example, it can be used to calculate pressure, volume, or temperature for the gas in clouds to forecast weather.

Analysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address - 954 Words

The document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. He advised our politicians to act in good faith towards all nations and to make an effort to keep peace with other countries. He cautioned to remain connected to God, maintain high moral principles and to set a good example, one that is guided by a sense of justice and kindness. He also advised that favoritism, not be shown toward or hostilities against other nations as this would cloud our judgment. He told us to remain neutral and detached since that would keep the country from being dragged into a fight. Having favorite nations could pull the nation into a war that it never wanted to be involved in. A nation that has a devoted attachment to another could find itself involved without merit in their affairs and might become controlled involuntarily by th eir actions. He implored the people of this nation to not allow foreigners to influence our policies or our actions as a nation. He advised us to trade freely with others, but keep politics at bay and to keep our already formed alliances but create no more. He implored that America remain free of European entanglements and that due to our location it should be easy to do. We have no business in their business. 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Australia Market Structures Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

Question: Discuss about theAustralias Market Structuresfor Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Answer: Introduction Every industry in Australia has a prevailing market structure under which it operates. Typically, market structure refers to the specific social organization that exists between the buyers and sellers of a particular market. Various features characterize a market structure. This includes the degree of buyer concentration, the degree of seller concentration, the barriers to entry and the level of product differentiation. All these factors determine the type of market structure in a particular industry. There are various types of market structures Australia. The most common structures include perfect competition, oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic competition. The number of firms in a particular market affects the output size and price decisions and determines the degree of competitions in that market. Similarly, the extent of product differentiation affects the extent to which single firms can raise or reduce their prices without affecting their sales. Furthermore, the cost of information determines the opportunities available for pricing policies and quality distinctions within businesses in the market (Krugman Obstenfeld 2006). Additionally, the barriers to entry to a particular market determine whether or not firms will reap economic profits in the long run. For this reason, it is crucial for every firm to understand the market structure of the industry in which it operates. Monopolists in Australia Amonopolistic market structure is one in which a single seller dominates the entire market. As such, there is only one producer of that particular product in the market. Therefore, the goods provided the monopolist has no close substitutes. By and large, this market structure is characterized by high barriers to entry. The most common barriers include technological barriers and high capital investment requirements (Irvine 2010). It is noteworthy that monopolists are price makers and fix the prices for their products. For this reason, they determine the quantity they produce to maximize their profits. The Australian Post is an excellent example of a monopolistic firm. As such, the company provides retail and financial travel services to the entire Australian population. It is the key firm in the postal service industry. The company is a government-owned corporation owned by the Commonwealth of Australia (Durie 2010). The company is well known for its horrendous service standards. Due to lack of direct competition, the firm periodically increases its prices, yet their services keep spiraling. As such, they increase their price levels without reciprocating in terms of quality services (Doherty 2010). The firm has a big market share and power in the industry, and most parcel and courier deliverers are only subcontractors. By and large, the Australian is a perfect depiction of the inefficiency associated with monopolists (Australia Post 2016). Oligopolies in Australia An oligopolistic market is one in which a few large firms dominate a particular market. The number is sufficiently small so that the actions of one firm affects the rival firms too. As such, the reaction function of firms in the market are interdependent, and the policy action chosen by one seller affects the actions of other competitors. For this reason, firms tend to collude in the market to set higher prices in the market. They also collude to create barriers and block the entry of new firms into the market. Notably, the collusion of firms in the market may lead to the creation of cartels that control output and prices. Typically, oligopolies compete on non-price factors such as warranties and advertising. There is also imperfect information between the buyers and sellers in this market structure (Khan 2016). The Australian gas markets is an example of an oligopolistic market structure. Today, there are three major suppliers in the eastern Australian gas markets. These firms account for more than 95 percent of the gas supply in the region. Particularly, BHP Billiton accounts for 38 percent while ExxonMobil provides approximately 41 percent (Stevens 2016). The market remains highly concentrated on the supply side, and there is limited competition in the market. There are also numerous official barriers to the free flow of natural gas across the state borders. This limits competition. Often, the two firms collude to set prices and release output that maximizes their profits. Monopolistic Competition This market structure is composed of a large number of firms and buyers who sell heterogeneous products. Essentially, this market structure combines the elements of a monopoly and perfectly competitive markets. The number of sellers in the market is large enough to create competitive conditions, but the differentiation of the products ensures that the goods are not perfect substitutes. Therefore, the firms have some form of monopolistic market power. In this regard, firms set their own prices. There is free entry and exit into the market for both buyers and sellers. Regardless, there exists imperfect information between the buyers and sellers caused by price differentiation and product quality. The hairdressing service industry is a classic example of a monopolistic competition market in Australia. Normally, each hairdresser sells a slightly differentiated product to their customers. Each hairdresser possesses a somewhat unique and differentiated set of skill and therefore offers slightly differentiated services to all their customers. Besides, there are many hairdressers in Australia and each face a downward sloping demand curve (Hairdressing 2016). Primarily, increasing the price for their services may cause the hairdresser to lose their clients. However, this is not necessarily the case where customers are loyal based on the quality of services rendered by their hairdresser. As such, some customers may attach value to the services of a particular hairdresser and therefore regard them as being more superior and therefore willing to pay more for the service. Conclusion By and large, the market structure is an important aspect of every industry. It determines the relationship between buyers and sellers in the market. It also defines the actions of sellers in the market with regard to the action of their competitors. It determines whether the firm colludes with other firms or compete to establish their market power. The market structure also determines the degree of product differentiation and competition that exists within a market. In this regard, it is crucial for firms to define their market structure to forecast growth and create an appropriate marketing mix that best appeals to its customers. Reference List BBC News. (2013). Australia Post's half-yearly profit down 56%. [Online] Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/31580780 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Doherty, E. (2010). Australia Post wants to raise the cost of stamp by five cents. [Online] The Herald Sun. Available from: https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/australia-post-wants-to-raise-the-cost-of-stamp-by-five-cents/news-story/fd4d18f36227675cf72aada2a2357d81 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Durie, J. (2010). Australia Post expands into electronic applications. [Online] The Australian. Available from: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/austria-post-expands-into-electronic-applications/news-story/d6b1ff6094f7465d76f8f0b3748befc0 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. IBIS World. (2016). Hairdressing and Beauty Services in Australia: Market Research Report [Online] Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=677 [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Irvine, J. (2010). Get out of monopoly free cards can't be left to the roll of the dice. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available from: https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/get-out-of-monopoly-free-cards-cant-be-left-to-the-roll-of-the-dice-20101026-172ax.html [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016]. Khan, S. (2016) Oligopolies and Monopolistic Competition [Online] Available from: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/perfect-competition-topic/monopolistic-competition-oligop/v/oligopolies-and-monopolisitc-competition[Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Krugman, P, and Obstenfeld, M 2008, International Economics: Theory and Policy, Addison-Wesley Stevens, M. (2010). BHP Billiton beats a world of oil to take Mexican jewel. [Online] Australian Financial Review. Available from: https://www.afr.com/business/energy/oil/bhp-billiton-beats-a-world-of-oil-to-take-mexican-jewel-20161206-gt57oa [Accessed 4 Dec. 2016].

Why Terrorism is a Contested Concept

Over the years, the concept of terrorism has remained a relatively controversial one. Different quarters have viewed terrorism from a different point of view. It is this difference in the point of views that have made the definition of the concept not only hard, but also contested.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Terrorism is a Contested Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The views of the entire concept of terrorism are equally contested with one wing viewing terrorism as an act of cowardice while the other arm views terrorism as an act of coercion directed to the government without necessarily engaging in a high profile war. The two standpoints indicate that the people who are labeled as terrorist direct their aggression towards the government or towards high profile entities that are meant to capture the attention of the government. The development of a universally acceptable definition of terrorism c an be an effective way for ensuring that the crime is addressed from a common front by the necessary stakeholders. Nevertheless, there are several definitions that have been brought fourth. First, terrorist are viewed as cowards who attack the most vulnerable persons to advance their political or social cause by getting the attentions of the government. Terrorism has also been defined as acts committed with the sole purpose of provoking a state of terror. On the other hand, terrorists view themselves as crusaders of the rights of the oppressed and they seek to target their attacks to the citizens of their oppressors to coerce them (the oppressors) to end the oppression, whether perceived or real. Despite several high profile cases that have been labeled as terrorist attacks, the international community remains reluctant concerning coming up with a definition that would be universally acceptable to define the term terrorism. As noted by Kegley, (2003) the reason the international com munity is yet to come up with a functional and universally accepted definition of the concept of terrorism is that terrorism represents a highly politically and emotionally charged concept. Due to the lack of a legally binding internationally acceptable definition of what is terrorism, various definitions that have been adopted have remained to be sectorial in nature. Another reason why the definition of the term terrorism remains a hard concept is the changing nature of targets by the terrorists. Crimes that have been qualified as terrorists have kept on changing their nature especially due to the beefing up of security in the areas that had previously been attacked.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the sectorial definitions that have been adopted cannot define the terrorism acts that may target some aspects such as air traffic control among other facets. The wide nat ure of possible soft targets to be adopted by terrorist groups have continued to be a major hindrance to the quest of coming up with an official definition of the term terrorism. According to Kegley, (2003), terrorism is viewed as an act of cowardice that is perpetrated by a group of radical persons that lack the willpower to address their nemesis head on. As a result, terrorist often attack the most helpless people in order to coerce states to yield to their demands. This view has been rejected by Seib and Janbek, (2010), who fail to see how terrorism can be said to be an act of cowardice. In their view, Seib and Janbek, (2010), assert that most groups that have been labeled as terrorist groups comprise with few radical individuals who have the courage and audacity to take on government policies and coerce various states to yield to certain demands. The fact that this radical groups manage to take on established states through their actions that sometimes require wit as well as sel f-determinism shows that terrorists cannot be labeled cowards. Critically speaking, although terrorists are known to attack the soft spots as well as the most vulnerable entities, a close analysis of their activity can justify Seib and Janbek’s assertions that terrorism in not an act of cowardice. For instance, when one examines a group such as the now defunct Weather Underground Movement that became to be known as an internal group of terrorist, one can see the audacity of the members, hence showing that terrorism is not an act of cowardice after all. This defunct group took on the government of the United States of America for its policies on the war on Vietnam. Although it was a small group compared to the mighty United States defense force, the group had its views aired by bombing the pentagon and other government buildings. Another example that can be used to show the controversies that surrounds the definition of the concept of terrorism as an act of cowardice or bravel y can be examined from the analysis of the September 11 attack that perhaps remains the worst act of terrorism against the interests of the United States. The terrorists responsible in these attacks (al-Qaida formerly under the slain terrorism leader Osama bin Laden) managed to utilize several loopholes in the United States security measures to carry simultaneous attacks on areas of prime importance in the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Terrorism is a Contested Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although it is true that terrorist targets the vulnerable persons in their attacks, one can argue that they are not necessarily cowards as they seek to air their views in a radical manner, which make them to cause much panic to the citizens thus drawing the quick attention of the government. In conclusion, it is evident that there are various factors that surround the concept of terrorism that makes i t hard to come up with a universally acceptable as well as a legally binding definition of terrorism as a crime. From the changing nature of the crime, the political emotions attached to the concept, to the controversy surrounding the bravery or cowardice nature of the acts of terror, it is hard to say what terrorism is exactly. The enumerated difficulties have made it hard to define what terrorism is. References Kegley, C., W. (2003). The new global terrorism: characteristics, causes, controls. New York: Prentice Hall. Seib, P., M. Janbek, D., M. (2010). Global terrorism and new media: the post-Al Qaeda generation. New York: Taylor Francis. This essay on Why Terrorism is a Contested Concept was written and submitted by user Aydin Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.